Solder is a critical component in modern electronic systems – past, present, and future. While solder is used within packaged electrical devices, the highest volume of solder is used for fabrication of printed circuit board assemblies. Historically, tin-lead solder was the dominant solder used in printed circuit board assemblies. However, tin-silver-copper solder replaced tin-lead solder starting in 2006 after European Union regulations banned the use of lead for a wide range of electronic products. Despite the successful transition to tin-silver-copper lead-free solder and over fifteen years of high volume lead-free electronic production, a number of aerospace and defense products have not converted to tin-silver-copper or other lead-free solders over reliability concerns. Reliability should be a concern for all product manufacturers and end-users. This begs the question, what has convinced industries that are currently producing lead-free products that the reliability was sufficient and what is keeping defense and aerospace electronic equipment manufacturers from adopting lead-free solder. This paper reviews decision processes for adopting solder for printed circuit board assembly.
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Chen et al. (2024) studied this question.
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