Non-vesicular nanocarriers for breast cancer management: current advances, challenges, and future perspective

Breast cancer (BC) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by complex physiological activities such as apoptosis and cell signaling. Non-vesicular drug delivery systems, such as polymeric nanoparticles, nanocrystals, inorganic nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, dendrimers, and others, have shown promise in improving BC treatment efficacy. This review article will focus on the susceptibility, pathogenesis of BC and various non-vesicular drug delivery systems that have been investigated for managing this disease. The challenges and limitations of these delivery systems will also be discussed. Overall, the use of nanotechnology in drug delivery has the potential to enhance BC treatment and improve patient outcomes greatly.