Endonasal confocal laser rndomicroscopy – real-time characterization and differentiation of malignancies of the nasal cavity, the paranasal sinuses and skull base

Introduction Endonasal and skull base tumors are challenging due to the complex anatomy and histological heterogeneity. Real-time assessment of tumor margins during resection can support intraoperative decision making. Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy (CLE) has emerged as a valuable tool for in vivo tissue imaging. In this study, we aimed to investigate not only the utility of CLE in examination of tumor margins but also to differentiate between different entities of endonasal malignancies.