A Comprehensive Survey on IoT Ocean Observatory Systems

This survey paper presents a detailed overview of the IoT-enabled Ocean Observatory Systems (IoT-OOS), focusing on communication technology and ocean surface parameters for real-time oceanic environment monitoring. IoT-OOS are critical for collecting met-ocean parameters such as temperature, salinity, wave patterns, and marine ecology, which are essential for understanding ocean health, providing early warning systems, and supporting various applications. Despite the challenges and advancements in deploying IoT-OOS, this paper highlights the importance of real-time data transmission, analysis, and monitoring in light of increasing marine traffic, fishing activities, and weather fluctuations. The paper categorises ocean IoT monitoring systems based on their applications, protocols, and data transmission techniques, highlighting low-cost and energy-efficient solutions. The paper contributes towards a comprehensive analysis of current technologies and a discussion on the future directions for accurate, real-time sensing, data collection, communication, and analysis with the help of different IoT protocols in the maritime environment.