Transhepatic Approach of Patent Foramen Ovale Closure in the Setting of Congenital Inferior Vena Cava Anomaly

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is the most common interatrial septal abnormality. The indications for PFO device closure are still being evaluated, with the most common reason being to prevent cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) caused by paradoxical embolism of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the lower extremities. This procedure is usually performed through