Enhanced structural, magnetodielectric, and multiferroic response in Fe and Co Co-doped Barium strontium titanate ceramics

In this paper, the ambient temperature multiferroic effect resulting from the incorporation of transition metal ions (Fe 3+ and Co 2+ ) in lead-free BST [ <?CDATA Ba0.7Sr0.3(Fex/2Cox/2)Ti₁₋ₓO₃;x=0,0.01,0.03,0.05,0.07?> Ba 0.7 Sr 0.3 ( Fe x / 2 Co x / 2 ) Ti 1 − x O 3 ; x = 0 , 0.0 1 , 0.03 , 0.05 , 0.07 ] ceramics synthesized via the solid-state reaction (SSR) procedure has been thoroughly analyzed. The investigation consistently scrutinized the effects of augmenting transition metal co-doping on the structural, ferroelectric, dielectric, magnetic, and magnetodielectric characteristics. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns for all ceramic compositions demonstrated the formation of a monophasic ( P4mm ) crystalline structure. The Raman analysis evidenced the presence of various modes, which are associated with the occurrence of the single-phase and provide strong corroboration for the x-ray diffraction observations. Scanning electron micrographs reveals that the inclusion of transition metal ions results in the diminution of grain size. The frequency-dependent dielectric characteristics were represented over the frequency range of 1 kHz to 1 MHz. The P-E hysteresis curves demonstrate a consistent reduction in the values of P s and P r , whereas, the M-H curve reveals the enhancement in magnetic properties with increased doping. The magnetodielectric analysis confirmed the interplay between the ferroelectric and ferromagnetic ordering. The BST-1CF sample exhibited the highest MC % value of 5.30% along with the magnetoelectric coupling coefficient ‘ γ ’ of <?CDATA -6.01× 10⁻¹\,(memu/g)⁻²,?> − 6.0 1 × 10 − 1 ( memu / g ) − 2 , making it a favorable entrant for the advancement of innovative non-volatile multiferroic memory gadgets.