European voluntary sport clubs’ enabling and constraining effects on refugees’ social inclusion: an integrative review

European governments have increasingly relied on voluntary sport clubs (VSCs) to address social issues, particularly refugees' social inclusion. Contemporarily, millions of Ukrainian refugees have fled to neighbouring countries; VSCs are thus more relevant than ever. This review synthesised the research on VSCs' enabling and constraining features regarding refugees' social inclusion. The review was conceptualised according to Bronfenbrenner's Process-Person-Context-Time framework and DeLuca's spectrum of social inclusion. The key findings indicate that: (i) initiatives are propelled by individuals with pre-existing capital and a commitment to social justice; (ii) the interaction between the organisational culture of VSCs and these individuals plays a crucial role in achieving social inclusion; (iii) VSCs often overlook refugees' strengths; and (iv) cross-sectoral collaborations prove beneficial for VSCs. In summary, to effectively address refugees' social inclusion, VSCs need support, resources, intercultural education, and exposure to nuanced notions of social inclusion.