Etiological Exploration of Enamel Defects: A cross-sectional study to Unravel Maternal, Prenatal, and Early Childhood Influences

Background Enamel developmental defects (EDs) significantly impact pediatric dental health. This cross-sectional study in Damascus explores the prevalence and etiological factors of EDs in Syrian children (ages 7 to 12). Methods Adopting a cross-sectional observational design, the study adhered to STROBE guidelines. A total of 2000 participants underwent clinical examination using the Enamel Defect Index (EDI). Phone interviews with families aimed to uncover etiological factors. Results Prevalence of EDs was 16.1%, with Localized Enamel Defects (LEDS) and Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) being most common. Regional variations, parental education, and consanguineous marriage correlated with ED occurrence. MIH prevailed in higher economic strata. Conclusion This study sheds light on the prevalence and factors influencing EDs in Syrian children. While not establishing direct links with maternal health conditions, it underscores the intricate interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Further investigations are crucial for a nuanced understanding, informing preventive and intervention strategies in pediatric dental health.