Combined double-endoscopic treatment of intrauterine device ectopic bladder complicated with bladder calculi: a case report

An intrauterine device (IUD) is a first-line contraceptive regimen recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and is widely used worldwide. Ectopic IUD to the bladder associated with bladder stones is rare, and there is no standard treatment. We report here a case of a female patient who presented with hematuria, initially diagnosed with bladder stones, and found intraoperatively that the intrauterine device had migrated to the bladder. We reviewed the literature to analyze possible causes and propose a new feasible minimally invasive surgical protocol.