Numerical Simulation Framework Using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) and Discrete Element Method (DEM) for Underwater Abrasion Erosion Testing Based on ASTM C1138

The abrasion and erosion resistance of hydraulic structures such as spillways, dams, channel walls, and bridge piers is crucial in ensuring their designed service life. Surface damage due to abrasion and erosion, as outlined by ACI 207 6R, is caused by erosion, cavitation, and chemical attacks from materials carried by flowing water. One of the standard tests for studying the abrasion and erosion resistance of hydraulic structures is the underwater test following ASTM C1138. This research aims to develop a numerical simulation framework for abrasion testing that adheres to the requirements and conditions of ASTM C1138. The proposed framework utilizes the Discrete Element Method (DEM) coupled with Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH). The framework’s validity is tested by comparing simulation results with laboratory experiments and previously published research. The comparative analysis reveals that the simulation framework achieves an average error rate of less than 10%, indicating its reliability in representing laboratory tests. This study contributes to advancing numerical modelling techniques for evaluating the durability of hydraulic structures against abrasion and erosion, providing a cost-effective and efficient alternative to traditional laboratory experiments.