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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive disease with no curative treatment. Urinary albumin and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), which are used for CKD diagnosis, reflect kidney damage and are not effective for early CKD detection. Indoxyl sulfate (IS) is a uremic toxin that promotes renal failure via renal sclerosis and is a potential biomarker of early CKD detection. This retrospective study of a large cohort of healthy subject aimed to evaluate factors associated with serum IS levels and to assess the utility of serum IS as a biomarker for early CKD detection.
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Hisano et al. (2024) studied this question.
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