Development of a novel Voltammetric method for the Loperamide determination in Environmental and biological samples: In-house validation and greenness

Loperamide hydrochloride is a pharmacological agent widely consumed by humans in the treatment of diarrhea, and therefore, the development and validation of green and reliable analytical methods for its determination in different samples are of great importance. So, we describe here the use of the boron-doped diamond electrode in combination with differential pulse voltammetry to develop and in-house validate an analytical method for the determination of loperamide. Electrochemical characterization showed a diffusion-controlled mass transfer upon the electrode surface. The method was validated according to the recommendations of validation guidelines. Linearity was obtained in the loperamide concentration range of 1.50 – 21.05 µmol L−1 in Britton Robinson buffer solution (pH 9.0). The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were calculated as 0.41 µmol L−1 and 1.24 µmol L−1, respectively. The developed method presented adequate selectivity, precision, and accuracy for the quantitative measuring of loperamide in environmental and biological samples. Also, the voltammetric method described offered a suitable green analytical chemistry profile.