Urban Sanitation in al-Andalus: The Case of Qurṭuba (Tenth to Thirteenth Century)

This article presents a comprehensive examination of sanitation practices in Islamic Cordoba and al-Andalus; it highlights the importance of hygiene at both the domestic and the community level. The focus is on waste disposal methods, particularly the use of cesspits and the implementation of sewer systems. The article explores sanitation practices in intramural areas, where a sanitary network was constructed, as well as in extramural areas, where cesspits were used, and sometimes older hydraulic structures were repurposed for waste management. The role of professional cleaners in these cities is also investigated, along with the mechanisms used to preserve water quality and prevent contamination of underground water sources.