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Abstract Distributed energy generation increases the need for smart grid monitoring, protection, and control. Localization, classification, and fault detection are essential for addressing any problems immediately and resuming the smart grid as soon as possible. Simultaneously, the capacity to swiftly identify smart grid issues utilizing sensor data and easily accessible frequency and voltage data from PMU devices is a prerequisite of this task. Therefore, this paper proposes new methods using fuzzy logic and adaptive fuzzy neural networks as well as machine learning and meta-heuristic algorithms. First, line voltage is used by a fuzzy thresholding method to estimate when a transmission line defect would develop in less than 1.2 clock cycles. Next, features taken from frequency signals in the real-time interval are utilized to classify the type of error using machine learning systems (decision tree algorithm and random forest algorithm) optimized with wild horse meta-heuristic algorithm. To locate the precise problem location, we finally use a neural fuzzy inference system that is capable of adapting to new data. We employ a simulated power transmission system in MATLAB to test our proposed solutions. Mean square error (MSE) and confusion matrix are used to assess the efficiency of a classifier or detector. For the decision tree algorithm method, the detector attained an acceptable MSE of 2.34e−4 and accuracy of 98.1%, and for the random forest algorithm method, an acceptable MSE of 3.54e−6 and accuracy of 100%. Furthermore, the placement error was less than 153.6 m in any direction along the line.
Najafzadeh et al. (Mon,) studied this question.