Role of Geminin as a Tool for Augmenting Accurate Diagnosis of Cervical Neoplasia

Aim: To determine the role of geminin as a tool for differentiating various types of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical carcinoma (CC). Methods: Seventy women newly diagnosed with CIN or CC undergoing cervical biopsy were included; their clinical profile, human papilloma virus (HPV) positivity, and colposcopy findings were noted, and biopsy tissue was analyzed for geminin content. Results: On geminin immunohistochemistry, 100% of women with CIN3 and 96.29% of women with CC had geminin two plus or more. When analyzed as ordinal variables, there was a significant correlation (spearman's rho 0.35, p 0.01) between geminin and biopsy results (CIN1, CIN2, CIN3, and CC). Conclusions: Screening tests for cervical cancer, like conventional pap smears, liquid-based pap smears, and triaging with HPV, have limitations. It is important to be able to differentiate between high-grade lesions, invasive cancer, and low-grade lesions. The detection of geminin in these cells may aid in the confirmation of the diagnosis and ensure adequate treatment. Cervical intraepithelial lesions and carcinoma cervix demonstrated a correlation between increased geminin expression in CIN1 vs. CC and CIN2 vs. CC. Geminin may be a potential surrogate marker for higher-grade cervical lesions, and further research is needed to corroborate evidence in this direction.