Supplemental Material for Foul Play: Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Student-Athletes

Pilot TestingWord stimuli for IAT.Development and pre-testing of word stimuli were guided by procedures used in Amodio and Devine (2006).To develop the word stimuli for the intelligence IAT, the authors brainstormed a list of 28 "dumb" words and 13 "smart" words to examine implicit attitudes of intelligence.Thirty-five adults recruited from online forums (e.g., Craigslist, Reddit) and the university where the study took place rated the fit of each word with the respective categories on a scale ranging from 1 (Not at all) to 5 (Strongly).All words with a mean rating below the scale midpoint (i.e., 3) were removed.Additionally, words that included suffixes (e.g., brainless) or that could have more than one meaning (e.g., dense) were removed due to the additional cognitive processing needed to categorize the words.Seven of the remaining words from each category were piloted again.In the second pilot, 57 adults recruited from online forums and the host university were asked if they were familiar with the definition of each word (Yes/No), the degree to which each word fit within the respective categories, and the degree to which each word is stereotypical of college students (non-athletes), Black student-athletes, and White student-athletes.Participants responded on a scale ranging from 1 (Not at all) to 5 (Strongly).One word ("math") was removed due to a mean fit rating below the scale midpoint (M = 2.60, SD = 1.45).Various groupings of five, six, and seven words were tested using paired samples t-tests until a grouping was found where no statistical differences in average rated fit was evident between "smart" and "dumb" word groups. 1 The final "smart" stimuli words were "brainy," "scholar," "educated," "scientist," and "academic."The final "dumb" stimuli words were "idiot," "stupid," "moron,"1 Paired samples t-test results indicated no statistical difference in fit between the final set of "Smart" (M = 4.17, SD = 0.85) and "Dumb" (M = 4.00, SD = 1.01) words, t(56) = -1.256,p = .215,r = .37.