Protection of human rights at the international level during armed conflicts: history and contemporary challenges

The article draws attention to the fact that international protection of rights during armed conflicts plays an important role, and it must be effective for its implementation in countries in armed conflicts Regardless of its nature, whether international or non-international armed conflict, it threatens the realisation of most fundamental human rights and freedoms, including the most important natural human right - the right to life. The author examines the problems of international protection of human and civil rights in armed conflicts, the history of international campaigns to protect human rights in various paramilitary attacks, and the new international policy on human rights protection during the Russian-Ukrainian war. The purpose of the article is to analyse the international protection of human rights in the context of historical challenges and current armed conflicts, highlighting key issues, aspects and possible ways to improve existing legislation and practice. Case studies will also be considered to better understand the dynamics of human rights protection during armed conflicts and the role of international organisations in this process. The article concludes that international norms and treaties aimed at protecting human rights remain relevant and effective even in the most difficult conditions, such as armed conflicts. International human rights law, in particular, as defined by specific instruments, provides the necessary framework for the protection of fundamental rights and dignity of people even during hostilities. It is noted that it is important that the international bodies responsible for the implementation and enforcement of these norms confirm the inalienability of human rights protection in conflict situations. The condemnation of war crimes, genocide and violations of international humanitarian law indicates that the international community recognises the importance of protecting fundamental rights during war. It is emphasised that even in exceptional situations, when states take measures to derogate from their obligations due to the threat to the life of the nation, the preservation and protection of human rights remains a central task of the international community. It is important to continue to improve the mechanisms and instruments of international law aimed at ensuring the effective protection of human rights in time of war, thereby contributing to stability, justice and human security in the world.