Photoreceptors facilitate plants in adjusting their growth and development according to their ever-changing surroundings. Modifications in plant architecture, chloroplast positioning, and structure, alongside changes in chloroplast protein and pigment composition, mainly in the photosynthetic apparatus, aid in optimising photosynthesis, allowing for effective conversion of solar energy into chemical energy while avoiding damage from excess light. Photoreceptors, such as phytochromes, cryptochromes, phototropins, and UVR8, play a crucial role in decoding environmental cues and transforming them into multifaceted signals leading to changes in gene expression and post-translational processes both in the nucleus and the plastids. Not only the initial development of etioplasts or proplastids into chloroplasts in seedlings or young tissues, but also the diurnal cycles from darkness to light or the transitional stages prevailing in shaded environments challenge the adaptation processes of photosynthesis in the daily life of a plant and are tightly controlled by photoreceptors.
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Toman et al. (2024) studied this question.
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