Ultimate flexibility in future CO2-free dispatchable power generation: Transition pathways for the Netherlands

With the increase in intermittent power supply by renewables, there is an integration challenge in the power system and a need for new approaches to supply-demand matching. Dispatchable capacity is expected to remain an essential source of ultimate flexibility, although active for only a few hours per year. We assess the (dis)advantages of different CO2-free dispatchable power options for the Netherlands through a literature review and expert interviews. Subsequently, we use these findings and different policy goals to project possible transition pathways. For the Netherlands, these pathways differ mainly in the short-term, but align on a hydrogen-based solution in the long-term.