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The PV array generates clean energy which is directly integrated into the EV battery via the Luo Converter. This integration minimizes energy losses and maximizes the overall system efficiency. The system maintains a bidirectional connection fly back based topology is implemented with the grid, allowing surplus energy to be fed back into the grid during charging or discharging operations. This feature enables grid stabilization and peak shaving, reducing the strain on the electricity grid. The BMS monitors and manages the health of the EV battery pack. It employs advanced algorithms to optimize charging and discharging profiles, extending the battery's lifespan and ensuring long-term reliability. The LUO Converter's precise control enables fast-charging capabilities. reducing the charging time of EVs and enhancing their conveniencefor users. Theintegration of renewable energy reduces the carbon footprint of EVs, contributing to a more sustainable transportation ecosystem.
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Hemapriya et al. (2024) studied this question.
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