History of the Development of Theoretical Fundamentals of Studying Certifi cation Seals

The article performs a retrospective analysis of seal development, studies history of the establishment of the seal law and the legal consolidation of seal use to protect documents against forgery. It is noted that bearing a seal impression as a document attribute that confi rms its authenticity has rich history and is very diverse. The article also reviews the issues of the establishment of theoretical fundamentals of criminalistic studies of documents, in particular, studies of certifi cation seals and seal impressions within the framework of technical forensic examination of documents. The paper mentions relevant problems of studying seals and stamps that experts face at the contemporary stage