Encapsulation of mechanoluminescent nanotransducers into erythrocyte-derived particles

Mechanoluminescent nanotransducers (MLNTs) are colloidal materials that emit light upon mechanical excitation (e.g., by ultrasound activation). Encapsulation of MLNTs into erythrocyte-derived particles may provide a method to increase their circulation time. Herein, we have investigated three methods based on passive diffusion, sonoporation, and electroporation for loading of MLNTs. Confocal fluorescence imaging of the particles suggests that under the current protocols employed in this study, sonoporation and electroporation yielded better loading of the MLNTs into erythrocyte-derived particles.