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Nonequilibrium flows are commonly encountered in aerospace engineering applications such as spacecraft reentry, rocket launch, and satellite attitude control. Numerical simulations help greatly in the understanding of nonequilibrium flow, multiscale effects, and the dynamics in these applications. Coupling particle transport and collision within the gas evolution process, the unified gas-kinetic wave-particle (UGKWP) method has been developed for multiscale flow simulation, offering a strategy that strikes a balance between accuracy and efficiency. In the present study, the UGKWP method simulates challenging flow problems with large Knudsen number variations, including supersonic flow around a sphere, hypersonic flow around a space vehicle, nozzle plume into vacuum, and side-jet impingement on the hypersonic flow. The UGKWP accurately captures complex flow structures and has been verified through experimental data or direct simulation Monte Carlo results. Regarding computational cost, the UGKWP method requires only 60 GiB of memory to simulate the three-dimensional space vehicle with 560,593 cells under various flow conditions, which is manageable even on personal workstations. Given its excellent efficiency and accuracy, the UGKWP method shows its substantial benefits in simulating multiscale flow for aerospace engineering applications.
Long et al. (Tue,) studied this question.
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