Advanced numerical simulation model for end‑pumped Ho3+:YAG laser resonators

We present an advanced field propagation model for end-pumped Ho³⁺:YAG laser resonators, enabling highly accurate predictions of their performance and spectral properties. The model incorporates two key improvements to our previously published model: simulation of pulsed operation through active Q-switching and spectral resolution for pump and laser fields. Pulsed simulation is achieved by solving the crystal rate equations with a time resolution, capturing dynamic behavior. Spectrally resolved rate equations and cross-sections enable comprehensive analysis of spectral properties. This advanced model provides unprecedented accuracy in simulating Q-switched Ho³⁺:YAG laser resonators, allowing the design and optimization of high-precision laser systems.