Enhancing wheat productivity utilizing nano- and bio-fertilizers in water-scarce Sinai, Egypt, under different irrigation systems

This study investigates the impact of different fertilizers under varying irrigation systems and crop water requirements in water-scarce Sinai, Egypt. Field experiments were conducted during the agricultural winter seasons of 2021 and 2022 to study the response of wheat growth, yield, and water productivity under drip and furrow irrigation. The results showed that under drip irrigation system, pH showed no clear trend, while total dissolved solids (TDS) decreased with depth and were reduced by bio-fertilizer and the combination treatment. On the other hand, under furrow irrigation system, maintained a slightly alkaline pH with minimal fertilizer influence. TDS levels significantly varied, and the effects of fertilizers differed. Calcium carbonate content and organic matter varied with fertilizer types and depths. Increasing the crop water requirement from 80% to 100% improved plant growth and yield, with the 80% treatment demonstrating higher water productivity. Furrow irrigation resulted in higher growth and yields, while drip irrigation exhibited greater water productivity. Nano-fertilizer treatments consistently outperformed bio-fertilizer in growth, yields, and water productivity. Specific combinations showed superior performance due to interactions between factors. Suitable irrigation methods and regimes enhance water use efficiency. Higher irrigation levels enhance wheat growth and yield, requiring careful water management to avoid stress. Drip irrigation demonstrates superior water productivity. Reducing the water input to 80% of crop water requirements improves efficiency without compromising yield. Nano-fertilizers promote growth and grain retention as an alternative to soluble fertilizers. Combining nano with bio-fertilizers further enhances wheat growth, yield, and water productivity. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing wheat production in water-scarce regions, considering irrigation methods, crop water requirements, and nitrogen fertilization sources.