Endangered Butterflies and their Conservation: the Decline of Parnassius apollo and Phengaris spp. in Europe and Slovenia

This article addresses the alarming global decline in insect biomass and biodiversity and the decline of European butterfly populations, more notably in Slovenia. Between 1989 and 2016, a 76% decrease in insect biomass raises concerns for ecosystems reliant on pollinators and intricate food webs. Butterfly populations, echoing this decline, witnessed a 50% reduction between 1976 and 2021. Key contributors, including habitat loss, chemical pollution, and climate change, necessitate urgent conservation efforts. Focusing on the Apollo (Parnassius apollo) and genus Phengaris, the study emphasises the threats posed by global warming and habitat loss. Swift and comprehensive conservation measures are crucial to ensure the survival of these iconic species, moreover recognizing butterflies as "umbrella species" that safeguard broader ecosystems.