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The Toba Caldera, which lies in the joint area of the Eurasia, Indian-Australia, and Pacific plates, known for hosting the world's largest Pleistocene eruption 74,000 years ago, remains a focal point of geological and tectonic inquiry. Controversies persist regarding the scale of its magma system and the pathways of magma migration. The existing sparse, time-limited seismic station distribution impedes high-resolution imaging of the structures beneath the Toba Caldera and surrounding areas through traditional seismic tomography. In a pioneering endeavor, we employ adjoint full-waveform tomography to improve the resolution and reliability of structural imaging. This study represents the first application of this advanced technique to the Toba region. Our findings elucidate the debated aspects of Toba's subsurface architecture and provide valuable insights into magma storage and migration characteristics and the bonds between Toba Volcano and the surrounding ones. Beyond its geological implications, our studies on the Toba Caldera can significantly advance our understanding of the deep structure, deformation, material exchanges, and evolution history of this convergent system in the Sumatra subduction zone, offering a more comprehensive view of the tectonic and geodynamic processes shaping the region.
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Liu et al. (2024) studied this question.
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