Energy Balance and Economic Assessment of off-Grid Renewable Energy System for A Primary Healthcare Centre Under Various Tracking System

This research analyzes the energy balance and economics of off-grid renewable energy systems for a primary healthcare centre under various sun-tracking setups. Seven tracking typologies together with photovoltaic, wind turbine, battery, hydrogen storage, and fuel cell systems were simulated and examined. Each system's techno-economic performance is assessed using simulation modeling for cost, reliability, emissions, and autonomy. The results show that tracking systems vary in levelized cost (∃0.336-0.406/kWh), unmet load (24.2-37 kWh/year), and excess generation (907-3,394 kWh/year). To choose the best tracking system, a CRITIC-TOPSIS was used in the selection and ranking process. The Horizontal Axis, continuous adjustment (HACA) scores highest on six weighted criteria including cost, supply, and power production. The research provides an assessment framework and quantitative insights to help off-grid healthcare facilities choose the best solar tracking architectures for energy sustainability.