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An Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) comprises submerged sensors, a central base-station, and a sink, facilitating data transmission through acoustic waves. Data transfer is dependent on several protocols, such as the MAC and routing protocols. Given its ability to provide effective communication, routing protocol is the area of attention here. The classification of routing protocols encompasses three distinct categories: localization-based, localization-free, and cooperative routing protocols. The position and depth of each node in the network are required to use a localized routing system. In localization-free routing, only the depth information is necessary. Integrating both of the routing techniques leads to cooperative routing. However, the battery life of a UWSN sensor node is quite restricted, making it difficult to use the battery's power effectively. Furthermore, despite the challenging conditions in UWSN, such as extended propagation delays, high absorption factors, high bit-error ratios, and constrained bandwidth, acoustic signals can also function there. The researchers have created many routing strategies to address these problems. However, they still have some shortcomings. To address these issues, our suggested protocol combines the ideas of a self-adaptation algorithm and a balanced consumption algorithm.
Bal et al. (2024) studied this question.