AI based 1-D P- and S-wave velocity models for the greater alpine region from local earthquake data

SUMMARY The recent rapid improvement of machine learning techniques had a large impact on the way seismological data can be processed. During the last years several machine learning algorithms determining seismic onset times have been published facilitating the automatic picking of large data sets. Here we apply the deep neural network PhaseNet to a network of over 900 permanent and temporal broad-band stations that were deployed as part of the AlpArray research initiative in the Greater Alpine Region (GAR) during 2016–2020. We selected 384 well distributed earthquakes with ML ≥ 2. 5 for our study and developed a purely data-driven pre-inversion pick selection method to consistently remove outliers from the automatic pick catalogue. This allows us to include observations throughout the crustal triplication zone resulting in 39 599 P and 13 188 S observations. Using the established VELEST and the recently developed McMC codes we invert for the 1-D P- and S-wave velocity structure including station correction terms while simultaneously relocating the events. As a result we present two separate models differing in the maximum included observation distance and therefore their suggested usage. The model AlpsLocPS is based on arrivals from ≤130 km and therefore should be used to consistently (re) locate seismicity based on P and S observations. The model GAR1DPS includes the entire observable distance range of up to 1000 km and for the first time provides consistent P- and S-phase synthetic traveltimes for the entire Alpine orogen. Comparing our relocated seismicity with hypocentral parameters from other studies in the area we quantify the absolute horizontal and vertical accuracy of event locations as ≈2. 0 and ≈6. 0 km, respectively.