A 65-nm CMOS Millimeter-Wave Ear-Worn Non-Invasive Continuous Glucose Monitoring Chipset Using a 0.17mm² 72mW Transmitter and a 0.75mm² 80mW Direct-Conversion Receiver

Diabetes necessitates monitoring of blood glucose levels. However, the existing methods are invasive in nature while being expensive and not being suitable for continuous monitoring. Thus, this study proposed a low-cost millimeter-wave (MMW) complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) transmitter and receiver chipset to facilitate ear-worn non-invasive continuous glucose monitoring for diabetic care. The direct conversion receiver method was adopted, which reduced the total area of the entire circuit by 37% compared to the conventional technology, thus decreasing the cost. A prototype chip of the transmitter and receiver circuits was designed and developed in 65-nm CMOS, and the MMW transmission/reception operation was confirmed in the 30-GHz band between two simulated human bodies composed of DI water and glucose.