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The increasing presence of hybrid hydrogen-electric vehicles (HEVs) in urban areas leads to interdependence among power networks (PNs), transportation networks (TNs), and hydrogen networks (HNs). Therefore, this paper proposes a new energy pricing scheme for multi-energy networks (MENs) considering the effect of HEV mobility. To capture the responsive behaviors of HEV drivers, a new user equilibrium (UE) model is proposed, which incorporates flow-dependent energy consumption of HEVs and their choices regarding routing, charging, and refueling. For mathematical tractability, the UE model is recast into a variational inequality (VI) formulation. Based on the VI formulation, a coordinated energy pricing scheme is proposed for the MENs to capture the interactions between pricing strategies and HEV user behaviors. The scheme is generalized as an optimization problem with VI constraints, and a fixed-point based iterative algorithm is developed to efficiently obtain the optimal solution. The case study results demonstrate the effectiveness of the pricing scheme, which successfully considers the behavior of HEV drivers and realizes the optimal operation of the MENs with HEV mobility.
Xie et al. (Mon,) studied this question.