Self-efficacy and Optimism in Frail Older Men Without Functional Disability Attending Geriatric Outpatient Clinic: A Case-control Study

Frailty is a condition of reduced resilience due to dysregulated homeostasis that increases vulnerability to stressors and delays recovery (2), leading to many adverse outcomes, including dependence, falls, long-term institutionalization, hospitalization, and increased mortality (3).Frailty is a multifaceted concept that extends beyond physical decline, encompassing a spectrum of deficits in cognitive, social, and psychological domains (4).Recently, psychological frailty was described as a multi-component concept that includes mood, cognitive, mental, and fatigue-associated problems (5).Psychological resilience, optimism, and self-efficacy are interrelated constructs that play a crucial role in the ability to positively adapt to stressors (4,5).