Tutorial review demonstrates metastability in multiply and highly charged ions, highlighting atomic lifetime measurements for emerging technological applications.
Atoms and ions remain in some long-lived excited levels for much longer than in typical “normal” levels, but not forever. Various cases of this so-called metastability that occur in multiply or even highly charged ions are discussed in a tutorial review, as well as examples of atomic lifetime measurements on such levels, their intentions, and some present and future applications.
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E. Träbert (2024) studied this question.
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