Strategic aspect for improving the sensitivity of nanoparticles in biomedical sciences

Conjugation of nanoparticles (NPs) with oligonucleotides and molecular moieties ameliorates the sensitivity and selectivity of nanoparticles for the biomedical applications like diagnosis, drug delivery and targeted imaging. Pertaining to its surface area and enhanced responsiveness, NPs are regarded as highly sensitive biosensors toward biological detection such as nucleic acid detection and protein detection. NPs in the size ranging between 1 to 100 nm, are categorized into various classes on the basis of distinctive physical and chemical attributes and conjugating with polymers, metals, enzymes, graphene, etc. to enhance the sensitivity. The current review article stipulates a detailed abridgment of NPs, aspects for improving sensitivity and its biomedical applications. The increased sensitivity and selectivity of NPs enhance on endocytosis in cancer cells when conjugated with the substrates renders it a preferred choice for detection, biosensing, bioimaging, etc. Depending on the unique structure, shape, size, and properties of NPs like reactivity along with toughness render them suitable candidates for various biomedical applications.