FIGURE 4 from Lingual Denervation Improves the Efficacy of Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas by Downregulating TGFβ Signaling

Galunisertib reserves the tumor cell aggressiveness and downregulates TGFβ signaling and PD-L1 expression of tumor cells in the neuron-tumor coculture system. A, SCC-15 cell viability after treated with different concertation of galunisertib (**,***,****, P < 0.01, 0.001, 0.0001 vs. 0 µmol/L group) at each timepoint, top; MOC1 cell viability in complete DMEM/F12 (control group) or coculture medium from coculture group 1 (coculture group 2) after treated with 10 µmol/L galunisertib (*, P < 0.05, bottom). B–F, Migration and invasion activity of SCC-15 cells detected by migration assay, invasion assay, and wound healing assay (quantitative data from three independent experiments are shown in the right, respectively, **,***, P < 0.01, 0.001). G–J, Expression levels of TGFβ1, p-SMAD2, SMAD2, and PD-L1 determined by Western blot analysis (*,**, P < 0.05, 0.01).