Gravitational Lensing and Clues of rd and H₀ Tension: Viscous Modified Chaplygin Gas and Variable Modified Chaplygin Gas in Loop Quantum Cosmology

This paper explores the accelerated cosmic expansion in the late Universe through the investigation of two dark energy models: viscous modified Chaplygin gas (VsMCG) and variable modified Chaplygin gas (VMCG), alongside the ΛCDM model. Our goal is to constrain fundamental cosmic parameters in these dark energy models with the ΛCDM model using 30 of the latest $H(z)$ measurements from the cosmic chronometers method (CC), including Type Ia Supernovae, Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRB), Quasars, and 24 uncorrelated baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) measurements from recent galaxy surveys across a redshift range from (0.106 < z < 2.33). Additionally, we include the most recent Hubble constant measurement from Riess in 2022. In the ΛCDM, VsMCG, and VMCG frameworks, we determine best-fit parameters for the Hubble parameter (H₀) and sound horizon (rd). The results reveal significant disparities between (H₀) and (rd) values using late-time observational measurements, reflecting the widely recognized (H₀) and (rd) tensions. We also study the gravitational lensing optical depth of the two dark energy models and find that the probability of finding gravitational lenses increases with source redshift zₛ. Joint analysis of VsMCG and VMCG with the ΛCDM model shows divergence in the early Universe but indistinguishability at low redshifts. Finally, using the Akaike information criteria approach for model comparison, our analysis indicates that none of the two dark energy models can be dismissed based on the latest observational measurements.