From lookup to output: Exploring mobile vocabulary searches for self-expression in multicultural Japanese language learning

Mobile dictionaries and translation tools provide learners with instant and extensive access to vocabulary, but their role in supporting searches for language production remains underexplored. This study examines output-oriented vocabulary searches, which may aid self-expression, without directly measuring learning outcomes. Using smartphone screen recordings, we collected 3,552 searches from 80 Japanese language learners in China, South Korea, and Vietnam. Each search was coded by purpose (comprehension or output) and depth (quick or in-depth). Only 14.2% were output-oriented, and most were quick and superficial, with little attention to nuances or contextual meaning. The findings reveal a paradox in mobile-assisted vocabulary learning: while access is widespread and inclusive, depth is limited. The study highlights the need for purposeful tool design and pedagogical scaffolding to foster more productive vocabulary engagement.