Factual Supply Chain Analysis of the Ornamental Coral Business: A Case Study in the Bali Strait, Indonesia

Coral reef ecosystems play a crucial role in fisheries by providing ecological services, social benefits, and economic value. Among their components, ornamental corals represent a high-value commodity in international aquarium and public facility markets. This study analyzes the current structure of the ornamental coral supply chain in the Bali Strait, Indonesia, with a focus on its management, resources, and business processes. A descriptive case study was conducted using the Supply Chain Network (SCN) framework, with data collected through snowball sampling, in-depth interviews, direct observation, questionnaires, and document analysis. Findings reveal that the supply chain comprises local suppliers, exporters, importers, wholesalers, and retailers, with exporters serving as central intermediaries between upstream and downstream actors. Management practices rely on both contractual and trust-based arrangements, while key resources include human capital, advanced cultivation technologies, and digital communication systems. Business processes integrate push–pull mechanisms to ensure efficiency and product quality. Despite its potential, the supply chain faces challenges including operational risks, regulatory uncertainty, market volatility, and limited collaborative planning. This study contributes to the literature by offering an in-depth empirical analysis of an ornamental coral supply chain in a developing country and highlights strategies to enhance sustainability, resilience, and competitiveness Keywords: ornamental coral; supply chain network; export trade; marine resources.