This analysis shows how labeling influences smuggling behavior, suggesting a complex interaction.
This paper draws a deep connection between smuggling ( Collins, 2005 ) and labeling ( Collins, 2002 ; Chomsky, 2013 , 2015 ), showing that the movement of the smuggler in a smuggling derivation can be triggered by the labeling algorithm.
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Blümel et al. (2025) studied this question.
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