This research demonstrates the action of the orthogonal group on little disks operads, implying they are formal and coformal across various dimensions.
We study the action of the orthogonal group on the little ‐disks operads. As an application we provide small models (over the reals) for the framed little ‐disks operads. It follows in particular that the framed little ‐disks operads are formal (over the reals) for even and coformal for all .
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Khoroshkin et al. (2025) studied this question.
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