Geoeconomics of Solar Energy: An Inquiry into Trade Policy and Cooperation

The rapid global transition towards solar energy is not only an environmental imperative but also a geoeconomic reshaping of global power structures, trade policy, and international cooperation. This paper investigates how solar energy—especially photovoltaics (PV)—has evolved into a strategic domain where nations leverage policy, trade instruments, and alliances to advance national interests and global influence. With China controlling over 80% of the global solar manufacturing capacity and the United States, India, and the European Union employing varied tariff regimes and subsidy models, the solar trade has become a battleground of protectionism and innovation.