Functionalized bacterial cellulose membranes with controlled biodegradation and β-estradiol delivery properties for potential intrauterine adhesion prevention

Intrauterine adhesions pose a significant challenge to female fertility, with current treatments showing limited efficacy and safety concerns, including poor biocompatibility and secondary trauma risks. In this work, we present a novel biodegradable bacterial nanocellulose (BC)-based physical barrier that integrates controlled drug release capabilities for preventing intrauterine adhesions. Through TEMPO-mediated oxidation and N-vinyl pyrrolidone grafting, we developed BC membranes exhibiting superior biocompatibility (cell death rate <5%) and selective fibroblast inhibition. The system achieves controlled biodegradation over 14 days while maintaining mechanical integrity (tensile strength >2.0 MPa) and providing sustained β-estradiol release. This approach represents a significant advancement in intrauterine adhesion prevention strategies.