Dynamics of Precision Irrigation Adoption based on Sensors among Small-Scale Rice Farmers a Multi-Site Case Study in Indonesia User Experiences of Drone-Based Land

This study investigates the adoption dynamics of sensor-based precision irrigation and drone-assisted land management among smallholder rice farmers in Indonesia. Using a multi-site mixed methods case study with surveys, interviews, and field experiments, findings show that adoption of irrigation sensors is shaped by perceived technical benefits, investment costs, and extension support, while drone use is influenced by ease of operation and access to services. Economic analysis indicates that combining sensors and drones improves water efficiency by up to 27% and reduces labor costs by 15%. The study concludes that integrating these technologies can enhance the sustainability of small-scale rice farming and provides important policy and engineering implications for precision agriculture in Indonesia.