Characterizing models for delivery of pharmacogenomic testing: a scoping review

Pharmacogenomic (PGx) testing can help guide medication prescribing for a wide range of health indications. The objective of this scoping review was to understand how PGx testing has been clinically implemented and learn from these experiences. Research questions guiding this work were: (1) what different models for delivery of PGx testing have been employed? (2) what are the characteristics of each delivery model? and (3) what are the reported facilitators and barriers associated with each delivery model? A total of 134 articles reported on 125 PGx initiatives spanning 19 countries. Four unique delivery models were identified: sole prescriber-led (n = 45), prescriber-led within an interdisciplinary care team (n = 34), community pharmacist-led (n = 16), and PGx consultation service (n = 30). The unique combination of characteristics, and reported facilitators and barriers yielded distinct strengths and challenges for each identified delivery model. Findings from this review can help inform future implementation planning or expansion of PGx initiatives by presenting different delivery models that may be employed and the corresponding considerations for each approach. This information can help inform future implementers in the selection of one or more approaches that may be most suitable based on their unique contextual needs, and available infrastructures or resources.