The insistent presence of detrimental chemical dyes, such as methylene blue (MB), in aquatic ecosystems creates a significant environmental fear that requires the development of innovative and effective remediation methods. This study examines the production and application of a novel carboxylate cellulose nanocrystal-silica-titanium dioxide (CCNC-silica-TiO2) hybrid composite aerogel designed to enhance the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB). Carboxylic groups were incorporated into cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) derived from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) waste to improve their dye adsorption capacity. The CCNCs were later incorporated into a silica aerogel matrix using a sol–gel method, followed by the introduction of TiO2 nanoparticles. Characterization techniques, including FTIR and XRD, confirmed the successful chemical functionalization and composite synthesis. SEM analysis revealed a highly porous three-dimensional architecture, whilst BET surface area assessment showed that the CCNC-SiO2-TiO2 aerogel possessed a significant specific surface area of 448.69 m2/g. Under ultraviolet light, the hybrid aerogel demonstrated remarkable photocatalytic performance, achieving a 93% degradation rate of methylene blue, far above the 22% recorded in a CCNC-silica control. The degradation kinetics followed a pseudo-first-order model. The composite demonstrated significant reusability, maintaining over 70% efficiency after five consecutive cycles. The findings indicate that the adsorptive capacity of carboxylate CNCs, together with the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO2, improves the efficacy, stability, and longevity of the CCNC-SiO2-TiO2 aerogel in wastewater treatment.
Khumalo et al. (2025) studied this question.