An integrated optical hardware for realization of quantum error correction operators

The efficient error correction subsystem is essential for quantum computing and communication systems due to challenges like no-cloning and destructive measurements. Error-correction codes and fault-tolerant technologies are vital for mitigating errors. Our focus is on implementing fault-tolerant encoding circuits based on Steane code within optical integrated circuits using two C-NOT structures that utilize nonlinear optics. A Mach–Zehnder structure made from Si3N4 and nonlinear material with a nonlinear coefficient of n2 = − 3.5 × 10−15 m2/W (the nanocrystal of PbS), is exposed to 1.55 μm wavelength waves, where propagated modes serve as qubits. The main input state delivers 25 μW per 100 nm2, and secondary inputs provide 15 μW per 100 nm2, allowing entanglement and error detection among qubits. The design has achieved a fidelity of F > 0.89, crucial for effective error correction in photon-based quantum computations.