A framework for automated digital reporting of directly measured ships’ CO₂ emissions

Ship owners must report their greenhouse gas emissions to the relevant authorities. Currently, data collection is manual and inconsistent. A proposed automated framework uses sensors to directly measure CO 2 emissions, thereby enhancing accuracy and reducing manual effort. The system validates the sensor data and collects meta-information (e.g. ship position, weather), aggregating it for analysis. The validated data is then forwarded to classification societies for reporting purposes. This framework supports both autonomous and existing vessels and allows for retrofitting to ensure compliance with emissions reporting standards. This paper reviews the existing literature and outlines the requirements for designing the proposed framework, as well as discussing its potential and risks.