Methylene: a turning point in the history of quantum chemistry and an enduring paradigm

Prior to 1970, no successful ab initio electronic structure predictions were made that challenged experiment for polyatomic molecules. For diatomics, the work of Ernest Davidson stands out, in 1960 explaining that two spectroscopically known but misunderstood electronic states of H 2 were in fact part of the very same potential energy curve. Another diatomic example was the startling 1968 overturn by Kolos and Wolniewicz of the “known” experimental dissociation energy of H 2 . Moving to polyatomics, the research in 1970 concerning the structure of triplet methylene captured the imagination of many chemists, and the 1982 success of theory for the singlet-triplet separation of methylene confirmed for many the great usefulness of ab initio theory. In the second half of this paper, the utility of methods based on single Slater determinant reference wavefunctions for both singlet and triplet methylene is demonstrated. In particular, we examine how the optimized geometries and harmonic vibrational frequencies of triplet and singlet CH 2 evolve with systematic improvements in basis set size and valence electron correlation treatment. To accurately pinpoint the geometric structures and singlet-triplet splitting of methylene, we perform comprehensive focal point analyses (FPA) that push the level of theory to new heights, leveraging core-valence basis sets up to sextuple-zeta quality and all-electron coupled-cluster methods through CCSDTQ(P) appended with relativistic (MVD1) and non-Born-Oppenheimer (DBOC) corrections. Our final FPA prediction for the singlet-triplet splitting is 9.01 kcal mol −1 , in complete agreement with the best empirical estimate of 9.00 ± 0.01 kcal mol −1 . The corresponding optimized FPA geometries are [ r e (H–C), θ e (H–C–H)] = (1.1063 Å, 102.35°) for ã 1 A 1 CH 2 and (1.0756 Å, 133.94°) for X̃ 3 B 1 CH 2 , in close agreement with the best existing experimental and theoretical structures but with a little finer precision. Our outcomes not only affirm the validity of the contemporary single-reference coupled-cluster theory pushed to high order but also provide definitive resolutions for a paradigmatic molecule that has long been emblematic of the challenges and triumphs that have shaped a century of quantum chemistry.