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Observations on fogging and surface defects in glass vials during lyophilization suggest critical manufacturing implications.
During Lyophilization we observed many changes in Glass vials like strain and breakage caused by the thermal expansion and contraction of the frozen solution ,because of crystralization of excipients occurs during thawing. Also fogging or bubbling on the internal surface of the glass vials from poor wettability and solution splashing, surface defects or uneven thickness due to manufacturing defects such as molding.
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Anupam Chanda (2025) studied this question.
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